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V.P. ZVEREV
The water in the Earth
The Introduction in Doctrine of Subsurface waters

Zverev V.P.
The Water in the Earth. The Introduction in Doctrine of Subsurface waters. M.: Scientific World. 2009, 252 p.

In the book modern representations about a role of subsurface waters in development of various geological processes and evolution of the Earth in enough accessible form for students and experts of various geological directions are considered. In its basis about evolution of masses of all water forms in the basic covers of the Earth's crust representations are put in the Histories of the Earth and recent Epoch. Is given the quantitative estimation of mass fluxes subsurface waters of the basic global cycles of their circulation. Mechanisms, an orientation and kinetics transformations of matter of rocks are considered at interaction with subsurface waters and peculiarity of migration of chemical elements in subsurface hydrosphere. Scales of participation and peculiarity of regime of subsurface waters in various exogenetic and endogenetic processes are appreciated, switching metamorphism, magmatism and volcanism. The role subsurface waters in the Earth heat balance, hydrothermal activity and mineral products formation is considered. Comparison of distribution of water on the Earth and terrestrial planets has shown, that on the Earth where there are oceans and circulation of subsurface waters, comprising the Earth's crust and The Mantle is realized, last substantially compensates the Earth degasation and dehydrotation, allowing to support volcanism and drift lithosphere plates for all time of its evolution. Influence of modern anthropogenous activity on change mass fluxes and composition of subsurface waters and evolution of geosystems is shown. The book is designed for the broad audience: students, post-graduate students and experts the field of in hydrogeology, engineering geology, geology, tectonics, geophysics, geochemistry, lithology, geoecology and all. Fig. 36, Tabl. 63, Bibliogr. 254.

ISBN 978-5-91522-032-3

 

Contents

  Preface 13
  Introduction 14
  Part I 17
  Subsurface Hydrosphere 17
  Chapter first 17
  Subsurface waters in the Earth's Crust 17
1.1 The existence forms of subsurface waters 17
1.2 Origin of the Hydrosphere and fluid regime of the Earth's Crust 21
1.3 Peculiarity of subsurface waters spreading 27
1.4 Masses of waters in the Earth's Crust 29
  Chapter second 34
  Mass fluxes of subsurface waters 34
2.1

Mechanism and velocity of the subsurface waters movem

 34
2.2 Dynamics of the subsurface Hydrosphere of the Earth's Crust top parts 37
2.3

The subsurface waters masses separating from sedimentary sequences

 39
2.4

Quantitative structure of principal mass fluxes of subsurface waters

 43
  Chapter third 51
3.1 Water in the Cosmos 51
3.2 Water on the planets 52
3.3 Water on the satellites 55
3.4 Water and evolution of the terrestrial planets 58
  Part II
61
  Composition of subsurface waters 61
  Chapter fourth 61
  The structure of natural water solutions 61
3.1 Chemical equilibrium in subsurface waters 61
3.2 Electrochemical state in subsurface waters 64
3.3 Forms of occurrence of chemical elements in subsurface waters 68
3.4 Thermodynamic modeling of chemical elements states 73
 

Chapter fifth

 77
  Subsurface water-Rock Interaction 77
5.1 Ratio of waters and rocks masses in basic covers of the Earth's Crust 77
5.2 Physical interaction at the between the phases 79
5.3 The physical-chemical interaction of mineral and subsurface waters 82
5.4 The trend of the water-rock interaction processes 86
5.5 The kinetics of the water-rock interaction processes 91
 

Chapter sixth

 95
  Mass fluxes of chemical elements in subsurface waters 95
6.1 The chemical composition formation of sub surface waters 95
6.2 The mass fluxes mechanism of matter in subsurface waters 106
6.3 The global mass fluxes 109
6.4 The regional mass fluxes 114
6.5 Comparative evaluation of mass fluxes models in different levels of the hydrosphere 119
 

Part III

 126
  Subsurface waters and geological processes 126
  Chapter seventh 126
  Subsurface waters and exogenetic processes 126
7.1 The mechanical activity of subsurface waters 127
7.2 Chemical compositions of the subsurface waters controlling the exogenetic processes 128
7.3 Trend of the chemical weathering processes 131
7.4 The Scales of the chemical weathering 136
7.5 The kinetics of the chemical weathering processes 142
  Chapter eighth 147
  Subsurface waters and sedimentary process 147
8.1 Masses of subsurface waters and sedimento- lithogenesis processes 147
8.2 Subsurface waters balance of the sedimentary basin 154
8.3 Geochemistry of subsurface waters controlling the lithogenesis 159
8.4 The trend of water-rock interaction at stages of lithogenesis 164
8.5 The kinetic of processes of diagenesis and catagenesis 174
 

Chapter ninth

 177
  Subsurface waters and metamorphism 177
9.1 The metamorphic reaction with water participation 177
9.2 The water mode at metamorphism 182
  Chapter tenth 185
  Subsurface waters and magmatism 185
10.1 Water in magma 185
10.2 Volcanism and hydrothermal activity 189
  Chapter eleventh 195
  Subsurface waters and mechanical deformation of the Earth's Crust 195
11.1 Geostatical and hydrostatical pressure 195
11.2 Clefts of hydraulic break 196
11.3 Water influence on another variety of deformation 197
 

Chapter twelfth

 198
  Subsurface waters and the Earth heat balance 198
12.1 The geotemperature field and conductive heat flow 198
12.2 Convective redistribution of heat 201
  Chapter thirteenth 205
  Subsurface waters and mineral products formation 205
13.1 The resent hydrothermal solutions and ore deposition 205
13.2 Subsurface waters and mineral products 216
 

Part IV

 220
  Groundwater and Humanity 220
  Chapter fourteenth 220
  Use is made of ground waters 220
14.1 Groundwater resources 220
14.2 Mineral water 221
14.3 Thermal waters 223
  Chapter fifteenth 225
  Anthropogenous changes of subsurface waters and the geological
environment		 225
15.1 Hydrodynamical changes 225
15.2 Hydrogeochemical changes 231
  Conclusion 239
  Bibliography 240

 
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